Table 1. Human development index
Combined gross enrolment ratio for primary, secondary and tertiary schools
(%)
2002/03c		 GDP per capita (PPP US$) rank minus HDI rankd
Human development index (HDI) value
2003		 Life expectancy at birth
(years)
2003		 Adult literacy rate
(% ages 15 and above)
2003b		 GDP per capita
(PPP US$)
2003		 Life expectancy index Education index GDP index
HDI ranka
     
High human development                                      
1 Norway 0.963 79.4 .. e 101 f 37,670 0.91 0.99 0.99 2
2 Iceland 0.956 80.7 .. e 96 31,243 0.93 0.98 0.96 4
3 Australia 0.955 80.3 .. e 116 f 29,632 0.92 0.99 0.95 7
4 Luxembourg 0.949 78.5 .. e 88 g 62,298 h 0.89 0.95 1.00 -3
5 Canada 0.949 80.0 .. e 94 i,j 30,677 0.92 0.97 0.96 2
6 Sweden 0.949 80.2 .. e 114 f 26,750 0.92 0.99 0.93 14
7 Switzerland 0.947 80.5 .. e 90 30,552 0.93 0.96 0.96 1
8 Ireland 0.946 77.7 .. e 93 37,738 0.88 0.97 0.99 -6
9 Belgium 0.945 78.9 .. e 114 f 28,335 0.90 0.99 0.94 3
10 United States 0.944 77.4 .. e 93 37,562 0.87 0.97 0.99 -6
11 Japan 0.943 82.0 .. e 84 27,967 0.95 0.94 0.94 2
12 Netherlands 0.943 78.4 .. e 99 29,371 0.89 0.99 0.95 -1
13 Finland 0.941 78.5 .. e 108 f 27,619 0.89 0.99 0.94 3
14 Denmark 0.941 77.2 .. e 102 f 31,465 0.87 0.99 0.96 -9
15 United Kingdom 0.939 78.4 .. e 123 f,i 27,147 0.89 0.99 0.94 3
16 France 0.938 79.5 .. e 92 27,677 0.91 0.97 0.94 -1
17 Austria 0.936 79.0 .. e 89 30,094 0.90 0.96 0.95 -8
18 Italy 0.934 80.1 98.5 e,k,l 87 27,119 0.92 0.95 0.94 1
19 New Zealand 0.933 79.1 .. e 106 f 22,582 0.90 0.99 0.90 3
20 Germany 0.930 78.7 .. e 89 27,756 0.90 0.96 0.94 -6
21 Spain 0.928 79.5 97.7 e,k,l 94 22,391 0.91 0.97 0.90 3
22 Hong Kong, China (SAR) 0.916 81.6 93.5 k,l 74 27,179 0.94 0.87 0.94 -5
23 Israel 0.915 79.7 96.9 91 20,033 0.91 0.95 0.88 2
24 Greece 0.912 78.3 91.0 e 92 19,954 0.89 0.97 0.88 2
25 Singapore 0.907 78.7 92.5 87 m 24,481 0.89 0.91 0.92 -4
26 Slovenia 0.904 76.4 99.7 e,k 95 19,150 0.86 0.98 0.88 4
27 Portugal 0.904 77.2 92.5 e,k,l 94 18,126 0.87 0.97 0.87 5
28 Korea, Rep. of 0.901 77.0 97.9 e,k,l 93 17,971 0.87 0.97 0.87 6
29 Cyprus 0.891 78.6 96.8 78 18,776 j 0.89 0.91 0.87 2
30 Barbados 0.878 75.0 99.7 e,k 89 j 15,720 0.83 0.96 0.84 9
31 Czech Republic 0.874 75.6 .. e 80 16,357 0.84 0.93 0.85 7
32 Malta 0.867 78.4 87.9 n 79 17,633 0.89 0.85 0.86 3
33 Brunei Darussalam 0.866 76.4 92.7 74 19,210 j,o 0.86 0.86 0.88 -4
34 Argentina 0.863 74.5 97.2 95 12,106 0.82 0.96 0.80 12
35 Hungary 0.862 72.7 99.3 89 14,584 0.80 0.96 0.83 5
36 Poland 0.858 74.3 99.7 e,k,l 90 11,379 0.82 0.96 0.79 12
37 Chile 0.854 77.9 95.7 81 10,274 0.88 0.91 0.77 17
38 Estonia 0.853 71.3 99.8 92 13,539 0.77 0.97 0.82 4
39 Lithuania 0.852 72.3 99.6 94 11,702 0.79 0.97 0.79 8
40 Qatar 0.849 72.8 89.2 n 82 19,844 j,p 0.80 0.87 0.88 -13
41 United Arab Emirates 0.849 78.0 77.3 k 74 i 22,420 j,q 0.88 0.76 0.90 -18
42 Slovakia 0.849 74.0 99.6 75 13,494 0.82 0.91 0.82 1
43 Bahrain 0.846 74.3 87.7 81 17,479 j 0.82 0.86 0.86 -7
44 Kuwait 0.844 76.9 82.9 k 74 i 18,047 q 0.87 0.80 0.87 -11
45 Croatia 0.841 75.0 98.1 75 11,080 0.83 0.90 0.79 5
46 Uruguay 0.840 75.4 97.7 k 88 i 8,280 0.84 0.94 0.74 16
47 Costa Rica 0.838 78.2 95.8 k 68 9,606 q 0.89 0.87 0.76 10
48 Latvia 0.836 71.6 99.7 90 10,270 0.78 0.96 0.77 7
49 Saint Kitts and Nevis 0.834 70.0 j,m,r 97.8 j,m,r 89 i 12,404 0.75 0.95 0.80 -4
50 Bahamas 0.832 69.7 95.5 k,l 77 17,159 j 0.75 0.89 0.86 -13
51 Seychelles 0.821 72.7 j,m 91.9 85 10,232 j,p 0.80 0.89 0.77 5
52 Cuba 0.817 77.3 96.9 k 80 .. s 0.87 0.91 0.67 40
53 Mexico 0.814 75.1 90.3 75 9,168 0.83 0.85 0.75 7
54 Tonga 0.810 72.2 98.9 n 83 i 6,992 q 0.79 0.93 0.71 17
55 Bulgaria 0.808 72.2 98.2 78 7,731 0.79 0.91 0.73 10
56 Panama 0.804 74.8 91.9 79 6,854 0.83 0.88 0.71 17
57 Trinidad and Tobago 0.801 69.9 98.5 k 66 i 10,766 0.75 0.88 0.78 -6
Medium human development                                      
58 Libyan Arab Jamahiriya 0.799 73.6 81.7 k 96 i .. j,t 0.81 0.86 0.72 9
59 Macedonia, TFYR 0.797 73.8 96.1 70 6,794 0.81 0.87 0.70 16
60 Antigua and Barbuda 0.797 73.9 j,m,r 85.8 j,u 69 j,m,r 10,294 0.82 0.80 0.77 -7
61 Malaysia 0.796 73.2 88.7 71 9,512 0.80 0.83 0.76 -3
62 Russian Federation 0.795 65.3 99.4 90 9,230 0.67 0.96 0.76 -3
63 Brazil 0.792 70.5 88.4 91 7,790 0.76 0.89 0.73 1
64 Romania 0.792 71.3 97.3 72 7,277 0.77 0.89 0.72 4
65 Mauritius 0.791 72.2 84.3 71 i 11,287 0.79 0.80 0.79 -16
66 Grenada 0.787 65.3 j,u 96.0 j,u 96 7,959 0.67 0.96 0.73 -3
67 Belarus 0.786 68.1 99.6 e,n 88 6,052 0.72 0.95 0.68 17
68 Bosnia and Herzegovina 0.786 74.2 94.6 67 v 5,967 0.82 0.86 0.68 17
69 Colombia 0.785 72.4 94.2 71 6,702 q 0.79 0.86 0.70 8
70 Dominica 0.783 75.6 j,u 88.0 j,u 75 5,448 0.84 0.84 0.67 21
71 Oman 0.781 74.1 74.4 k 63 i 13,584 j 0.82 0.71 0.82 -30
72 Albania 0.780 73.8 98.7 69 4,584 0.81 0.89 0.64 30
73 Thailand 0.778 70.0 92.6 73 i 7,595 0.75 0.86 0.72 -7
74 Samoa (Western) 0.776 70.2 98.7 k 71 i 5,854 q 0.75 0.89 0.68 14
75 Venezuela 0.772 72.9 93.0 75 i 4,919 0.80 0.87 0.65 22
76 Saint Lucia 0.772 72.4 90.1 75 i 5,709 0.79 0.85 0.68 13
77 Saudi Arabia 0.772 71.8 79.4 57 i 13,226 q 0.78 0.72 0.82 -33
78 Ukraine 0.766 66.1 99.4 86 5,491 0.69 0.95 0.67 12
79 Peru 0.762 70.0 87.7 87 i 5,260 0.75 0.88 0.66 14
80 Kazakhstan 0.761 63.2 99.5 e,n 85 6,671 0.64 0.94 0.70 -2
81 Lebanon 0.759 72.0 86.5 k,l 79 i 5,074 0.78 0.84 0.66 14
82 Ecuador 0.759 74.3 91.0 .. w 3,641 0.82 0.86 0.60 30
83 Armenia 0.759 71.5 99.4 72 3,671 0.77 0.90 0.60 28
84 Philippines 0.758 70.4 92.6 82 4,321 0.76 0.89 0.63 19
85 China 0.755 71.6 90.9 69 5,003 x 0.78 0.84 0.65 11
86 Suriname 0.755 69.1 88.0 73 i .. y 0.74 0.83 0.70 -7
87 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 0.755 71.1 88.1 j,u 67 6,123 0.77 0.81 0.69 -5
88 Paraguay 0.755 71.0 91.6 73 i 4,684 q 0.77 0.86 0.64 13
89 Tunisia 0.753 73.3 74.3 74 7,161 0.80 0.74 0.71 -20
90 Jordan 0.753 71.3 89.9 78 4,320 0.77 0.86 0.63 14
91 Belize 0.753 71.9 76.9 77 i 6,950 0.78 0.77 0.71 -19
92 Fiji 0.752 67.8 92.9 n 73 i,j 5,880 0.71 0.86 0.68 -5
93 Sri Lanka 0.751 74.0 90.4 z 69 i 3,778 0.82 0.83 0.61 17
94 Turkey 0.750 68.7 88.3 68 i 6,772 0.73 0.82 0.70 -18
95 Dominican Republic 0.749 67.2 87.7 76 i 6,823 q 0.70 0.84 0.70 -21
96 Maldives 0.745 66.6 97.2 k 75 i .. j,y 0.69 0.90 0.65 2
97 Turkmenistan 0.738 62.4 98.8 n .. w 5,938 0.62 0.91 0.68 -11
98 Jamaica 0.738 70.8 87.6 k 74 i 4,104 0.76 0.83 0.62 9
99 Iran, Islamic Rep. of 0.736 70.4 77.0 69 i 6,995 0.76 0.74 0.71 -29
100 Georgia 0.732 70.5 100.0 e,z,{ 71 2,588 0.76 0.90 0.54 21
101 Azerbaijan 0.729 66.9 98.8 n 69 3,617 0.70 0.89 0.60 12
102 Occupied Palestinian Territories 0.729 72.5 91.9 80 i .. | 0.79 0.88 0.52 26
103 Algeria 0.722 71.1 69.8 74 i 6,107 q 0.77 0.71 0.69 -20
104 El Salvador 0.722 70.9 79.7 k 68 4,781 q 0.76 0.76 0.65 -5
105 Cape Verde 0.721 70.4 75.7 k 73 5,214 q 0.76 0.75 0.66 -11
106 Syrian Arab Republic 0.721 73.3 82.9 62 i 3,576 0.81 0.76 0.60 8
107 Guyana 0.720 63.1 96.5 j,u 77 i 4,230 q 0.63 0.90 0.63 -2
108 Viet Nam 0.704 70.5 90.3 n 64 i 2,490 0.76 0.82 0.54 16
109 Kyrgyzstan 0.702 66.8 98.7 n 82 1,751 0.70 0.93 0.48 33
110 Indonesia 0.697 66.8 87.9 k 66 3,361 0.70 0.81 0.59 5
111 Uzbekistan 0.694 66.5 99.3 e,k 76 1,744 0.69 0.91 0.48 32
112 Nicaragua 0.690 69.7 76.7 69 3,262 q 0.75 0.74 0.58 4
113 Bolivia 0.687 64.1 86.5 87 i 2,587 0.65 0.87 0.54 9
114 Mongolia 0.679 64.0 97.8 74 1,850 0.65 0.90 0.49 23
115 Moldova, Rep. of 0.671 67.7 96.2 62 1,510 0.71 0.85 0.45 33
116 Honduras 0.667 67.8 80.0 62 j 2,665 q 0.71 0.74 0.55 3
117 Guatemala 0.663 67.3 69.1 61 4,148 q 0.70 0.66 0.62 -11
118 Vanuatu 0.659 68.6 74.0 n 58 2,944 q 0.73 0.69 0.56 -1
119 Egypt 0.659 69.8 55.6 n 74 i 3,950 0.75 0.62 0.61 -10
120 South Africa 0.658 48.4 82.4 n 78 i 10,346 q 0.39 0.81 0.77 -68
121 Equatorial Guinea 0.655 43.3 84.2 65 i 19,780 j,q 0.30 0.78 0.88 -93
122 Tajikistan 0.652 63.6 99.5 76 1,106 0.64 0.91 0.40 36
123 Gabon 0.635 54.5 71.0 { 74 i,j 6,397 0.49 0.72 0.69 -43
124 Morocco 0.631 69.7 50.7 k 58 4,004 0.75 0.53 0.62 -16
125 Namibia 0.627 48.3 85.0 71 i 6,180 q 0.39 0.80 0.69 -44
126 São Tomé and Principe 0.604 63.0 83.1 j,m 62 i,j 1,231 j,p 0.63 0.76 0.42 27
127 India 0.602 63.3 61.0 z 60 2,892 q 0.64 0.61 0.56 -9
128 Solomon Islands 0.594 62.3 76.6 j,m 52 1,753 q 0.62 0.68 0.48 13
129 Myanmar 0.578 60.2 89.7 48 i .. j,t 0.59 0.76 0.39 34
130 Cambodia 0.571 56.2 73.6 59 2,078 q 0.52 0.69 0.51 3
131 Botswana 0.565 36.3 78.9 k 70 i 8,714 0.19 0.76 0.75 -70
132 Comoros 0.547 63.2 56.2 k 47 i 1,714 q 0.64 0.53 0.47 13
133 Lao People's Dem.  Rep. 0.545 54.7 68.7 61 1,759 0.49 0.66 0.48 7
134 Bhutan 0.536 62.9 47.0 { .. w 1,969 j,p 0.63 0.48 0.50 0
135 Pakistan 0.527 63.0 48.7 35 2,097 0.63 0.44 0.51 -5
136 Nepal 0.526 61.6 48.6 61 1,420 0.61 0.53 0.44 15
137 Papua New Guinea 0.523 55.3 57.3 41 i 2,619 q 0.50 0.52 0.55 -17
138 Ghana 0.520 56.8 54.1 46 i 2,238 q 0.53 0.51 0.52 -11
139 Bangladesh 0.520 62.8 41.1 k 53 1,770 0.63 0.45 0.48 -1
140 Timor-Leste 0.513 55.5 58.6 m 75 j,m .. } 0.51 0.64 0.39 22
141 Sudan ~ 0.512 56.4 59.0 z 38 i 1,910 q 0.52 0.52 0.49 -6
142 Congo 0.512 52.0 82.8 k 47 965 0.45 0.71 0.38 23
143 Togo 0.512 54.3 53.0 66 1,696 q 0.49 0.57 0.47 3
144 Uganda 0.508 47.3 68.9 k 74 i 1,457 q 0.37 0.71 0.45 6
145 Zimbabwe 0.505 36.9 90.0 k 55 i 2,443 j 0.20 0.78 0.53 -20
Low human development                                      
146 Madagascar 0.499 55.4 70.6 51 809 0.51 0.64 0.35 24
147 Swaziland 0.498 32.5 79.2 60 i 4,726 0.12 0.73 0.64 -47
148 Cameroon 0.497 45.8 67.9 55 i 2,118 0.35 0.64 0.51 -19
149 Lesotho 0.497 36.3 81.4 66 i 2,561 q 0.19 0.76 0.54 -26
150 Djibouti 0.495 52.8 65.5 k,l 24 i 2,086 q 0.46 0.52 0.51 -18
151 Yemen 0.489 60.6 49.0 k 55 i 889 0.59 0.51 0.36 15
152 Mauritania 0.477 52.7 51.2 45 i 1,766 q 0.46 0.49 0.48 -13
153 Haiti 0.475 51.6 51.9 k .. w 1,742 q 0.44 0.50 0.48 -9
154 Kenya 0.474 47.2 73.6 52 i 1,037 0.37 0.66 0.39 7
155 Gambia 0.470 55.7 37.8 k,l 48 i 1,859 q 0.51 0.41 0.49 -19
156 Guinea 0.466 53.7 41.0 { 41 i 2,097 0.48 0.41 0.51 -26
157 Senegal 0.458 55.7 39.3 40 i 1,648 0.51 0.39 0.47 -10
158 Nigeria 0.453 43.4 66.8 k 64 i 1,050 0.31 0.66 0.39 2
159 Rwanda 0.450 43.9 64.0 55 1,268 q 0.31 0.61 0.42 -7
160 Angola 0.445 40.8 66.8 30 i,j 2,344 q 0.26 0.54 0.53 -34
161 Eritrea 0.444 53.8 56.7 k,l 35 i 849 q 0.48 0.49 0.36 7
162 Benin 0.431 54.0 33.6 55 i 1,115 0.48 0.41 0.40 -5
163 Côte d'Ivoire 0.420 45.9 48.1 42 i,j 1,476 0.35 0.46 0.45 -14
164 Tanzania, U. Rep. of 0.418 46.0 69.4 41 i 621 0.35 0.60 0.30 11
165 Malawi 0.404 39.7 64.1 n 72 i 605 0.24 0.67 0.30 11
166 Zambia 0.394 37.5 67.9 n 48 i 877 0.21 0.61 0.36 1
167 Congo, Dem. Rep. of the 0.385 43.1 65.3 28 i,j 697 0.30 0.53 0.32 6
168 Mozambique 0.379 41.9 46.5 k 43 i 1,117 q 0.28 0.45 0.40 -12
169 Burundi 0.378 43.6 58.9 35 i 648 q 0.31 0.51 0.31 5
170 Ethiopia 0.367 47.6 41.5 k 36 i 711 q 0.38 0.40 0.33 1
171 Central African Republic 0.355 39.3 48.6 31 1,089 q 0.24 0.43 0.40 -12
172 Guinea-Bissau 0.348 44.7 39.6 k,l 37 i,j 711 q 0.33 0.39 0.33 -1
173 Chad 0.341 43.6 25.5 38 i 1,210 q 0.31 0.30 0.42 -19
174 Mali 0.333 47.9 19.0 n 32 i 994 0.38 0.23 0.38 -10
175 Burkina Faso 0.317 47.5 12.8 n 24 i 1,174 q 0.38 0.16 0.41 -20
176 Sierra Leone 0.298 40.8 29.6 45 j 548 0.26 0.35 0.28 1
177 Niger 0.281 44.4 14.4 21 i 835 q 0.32 0.17 0.35 -8
                                         
Developing countries 0.694 65.0 76.5 63 4,359 0.67 0.72 0.70
  Least developed countries 0.518 52.2 53.6 45 1,328 0.45 0.50 0.60
  Arab States 0.679 67.0 64.1 62 5,685 0.70 0.61 0.72
  East Asia and the Pacific 0.768 70.5 90.4 69 5,100 0.76 0.83 0.71
  Latin America and the Caribbean 0.797 71.9 89.6 81 7,404 0.78 0.87 0.74
  South Asia 0.628 63.4 58.9 56 2,897 0.64 0.58 0.67
  Sub-Saharan Africa 0.515 46.1 60.5 50 1,856 0.35 0.56 0.63
Central and Eastern Europe and the CIS 0.802 68.1 99.2 83 7,939 0.72 0.94 0.75
OECD 0.892 77.7 .. 89 25,915 0.88 0.95 0.85
  High-income OECD 0.911 78.9 .. 95 30,181 0.90 0.98 0.86
High human development 0.895 78.0 .. 91 25,665 0.88 0.96 0.85
Medium human development 0.718 67.2 79.4 66 4,474 0.70 0.75 0.70
Low human development 0.486 46.0 56.6 46 1,046 0.35 0.53 0.58
High income 0.910 78.8 .. 94 29,898 0.90 0.97 0.86
Middle income 0.774 70.3 89.6 73 6,104 0.75 0.84 0.73
Low income 0.593 58.4 60.6 54 2,168 0.56 0.58 0.64
World 0.741 67.1 .. 67 8,229 0.70 0.77 0.75
                                         
Note: aggregates in column 7 are based on aggregates of gross enrolment data calculated by the UNESCO Institute for Statistics and literacy data as used to calculate the HDI.
a. The HDI rank is detemined using HDI values to the fifth decimal point.
b. Data refer to national literacy estimates from censuses or surveys conducted between 2000 and 2004, unless otherwise noted. Due to differences in
methodology and timeliness of underlying data, comparisons across countries and over time should be made with caution.  For more details, see
http://www.uis.unesco.org/ev.php?ID=4930_201&ID2=DO_TOPIC.
c. Data refer to the school year 2002/03, unless otherwise noted. Data for some countries may refer to national or UNESCO Institute for Statistics
estimates.
d. A positive figure indicates that the HDI rank is higher than the GDP per capita (PPP US$) rank, a negative the opposite.
e. For purposes of calculating the HDI, a value of 99.0% was applied.
f. For purposes of calculating the HDI, a value of 100% was applied.
g. Statec. 2005. Correspondence on gross enrolment ratio for Luxembourg. May. Luxembourg. Data refer to nationals enrolled both in the country and
abroad and thus differ from the standard definition.
h. For purposes of calculating the HDI, a value of $40,000 (PPP US$) was applied.
i. Preliminary UNESCO Institute for Statistics estimate, subject to further revision.
j. Data refer to year other than that specified
k. Estimate produced by UNESCO Institute for Statistics in July 2002.
l. UNESCO Institute for Statistics. 2003. Correspondence on adult and youth literacy rates. March. Montreal. Estimates are based on outdated census
or household survey information and should be interpreted with caution.
m. Data are from national sources.
n. Data refer to a year between 1995 and 1999.
o. World Bank. 2003. World Development Indicators 2003. CD-ROM. Washington, DC.
p. Aten, Bettina, Alan Heston and Robert Summers. 2002. "Penn World Tables 6.1." University of Pennsylvania, Center for International and Interarea
Comparisons, Philadelphia. Data differ from the standard definition.
q. Estimate based on regression.
r. Data are from the Secretariat of the Organization of Eastern Caribbean States, based on national sources.
s. Efforts to produce a more accurate and recent estimate are ongoing (see Note to table 1: About this year's human development index). A preliminary
estimate of 5,400 (PPP US$) was used.
t. Aten, Bettina, Alan Heston and Robert Summers. 2001.  "Pen
n World Tables 6.0." University of Pennsylvania, Center for International and Interarea
Comparisons, Philadelphia. Data differ from the standard definition.
u. Data are from the Secretariat of the Caribbean Community, based on national sources.
v. UNDP (United Nations Development Programme). 2002. Bosnia and Herzegovina Human Development Report 2002. Sarajevo.
w. Because the combined gross enrolment ratio was unavailable, the following Human Development Report Office estimates were used: Bhutan 49%, Ecuador
75%, Haiti 48%, and Turkmenistan 75%.
x. Estimate based on a bilateral comparison between China and the United States (Ren Ruoen and Chen Kai. 1995. "China's GDP in U.S. Dollars Based on
Purchasing Power Parity. World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No. 1415. Washington, DC.).
y. In the absence of an official estimate of GDP per capita (PPP US$), preliminary World Bank estimates, subject to further revision, were used as
follows: Maldives 4,798; and Suriname 6,552.
z. Data refer to a year or period other than that specified, differ from the standard definition or refer to only part of a country.
{. UNICEF (United Nations Children's Fund). 2004. The State of the World's Children 2005. New York: Oxford University Press.
|. In the absence of an estimate of GDP per capita (PPP US$), the Human Development Report Office estimate of $2,302, derived using the value of GDP
in US dollars and the weighted average ratio of PPP US dollars to US dollars in the Arab States, was used.
}. A national estimate of 1,033 (PPP US$) was used.
~. Estimates are based primarily on information for Northern Sudan.
Source:
Column 1: calculated on the basis of data in columns 6-8; see technical note 1 for details.
Column 2: UN (United Nations). 2005. Correspondence on life expectancy at birth. Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. New
York, unless otherwise noted.
Column 3: UNESCO Institute for Statistics (United National Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization). 2005. Correspondence on adult and
youth literacy rates. April. Montreal, unless otherwise noted.
Column 4: UNESCO Institute for Statistics. 2005. Correspondence on gross, net enrolment ratios and survival rate to grade 5. May. Montreal, unless
otherwise noted; aggregates calculated for the Human Development Report Office by the UNESCO Institute for Statistics.
Column 5: World Bank. 2005. World Development Indicators 2005. CD-ROM. Washington, DC., unless otherwise noted; aggregates calculated for the Human
Development Report Office by the World Bank.
Column 6: calculated on the basis of data in column 2.
Column 7: calculated on the basis of data in columns 3 and 4.
Column 8: calculated on the basis of data in column 5.
Column 9: calculated on the basis of data in columns 1 and 5.